Acronyms Site Map

Activity 1.5: Effect of Stratification on Mixing (p. 9-10; click here for videos accompanying this activity). In open ocean regions (with the exception of polar seas), the water column is generally characterized by three distinct layers: an upper mixed layer (a layer of warm, less-dense water with temperature constant as a function of depth), the thermocline (a region in which the temperature decreases and density increases rapidly with increasing depth), and a deep zone of dense, colder water in which density increases slowly with depth.

Mixing of stratified layers requires work. Without energetic mixing (e.g., due to wind or breaking waves), the exchanges of gases and nutrients between surface and deep layers will occur by molecular diffusion and local stirring by organisms, which are slow, ineffective modes of transfer. The energy needed for mixing is, at a minimum, the difference in potential energy between the mixed and stratified fluids. Therefore, the more stratified the water column, the higher the energy needed for vertical mixing.

Density is fundamentally important to large-scale ocean circulation. An increase in the density of surface water, through a decrease in temperature (cooling) or an increase in salinity (ice formation and evaporation), results in gravitational instability (i.e., dense water overlying less-dense water) and sinking of surface waters to depth. Once a sinking water mass reaches a depth at which its density matches the ambient density, the mass flows horizontally, along ""surfaces"" of equal density. This process of dense-water formation and subsequent sinking is the driver of thermohaline circulation in the ocean. It is observed in low latitudes (e.g., the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea, the Gulf of Lions in the Mediterranean Sea) as well as in high latitudes (e.g., deep water formation in the North Atlantic).

This experiment looks at the energy required to mix two layers. Students should read the Background section (p. 4-5) of Chapter 1 (Density) in preparation for this activity. Credit: Karp-Boss, L., E. Boss, H. Weller, J. Loftin, and J. Albright (2009). Teaching Physical Concepts in Oceanography: An Inquiry Based Approach. Oceanography 22(3), supplement, 48 pp.